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洛阳唐朝军事经济文化艺术英文
Politics Tang Dynasty had a large area of 12. 51million square kilometers in its prime time,
east to the Korean Peninsula,
west to the Aral Sea in middle Asia,
south to the Hue area in Vietnam and north to Lake Baikal.
There were many ethnic minorities around the Tang Dynasty,
such as Turk,
Huihe,
Mohe,
Tiele,
Shiwei( the ancestor of Mongolia) , Khitan.
. Six Duhus( a local military administratetive machinery )
were established to govern those minolities effectively,
respectively named Anxi, Anbei, Andong,
Annan, Chanyu,
Beiting.
Tang Dynasty opened up the organizational systems , that is , Dao and Fu(city)
, in the political division history.
In the first year of the reign of Zhenguan(the reign title of Li Shiming) , namely in 627, the emperor Taizong divided the land into ten Daos, under Dao were Zhou and Fu under which was county.
In the last year of the reign of emperor Xuanzong , there were 320 Zhous and Fus as well as 1573counties.
As regards the official system in Tang Dynasty,
the central government carried out the Three Departments and Six Ministries.
It included three masters:
Taishi , Taifu,
Taibao(responsible for tutoring the prince) .
Three Excellencies: Taiwei( Grand Commandant)
,
Situ (Minister over the Masses)
and Sikong(Minister of Works ) .
The three departments were Zhongshu (the Secretariat)
,
Menxia(the Chancellery ,
also translated as "Edict Examination Bureau") ,
and Shangshu ( the Department of State Affairs)
,
while the six ministries referred to theMinistry for Personnel ,
Revenue for census data collecting taxes,
and handling state revenues,
Rites for state ceremonies,
rituals ,
War for defense ,
Justice and Works for government construction projects .
Military Tang Dynasty was distinctively characterised with
powerful military forces.
It ended warlordism of China in the last years of Sui Dynasty. . Tang Taizong , Gaozong, Wuhou successively expedited east and west Turks,
wiped out Gaochang as the county of China ,
Gaogoli(ancient Korea)
and Baiji, defeated Japan reinforcement in the River Baicun battle, ultimately declared war on some minolities, such as Mohe , Tiele,
Shiwei and Khitan.
At that time , all this point was owed to the development of military system, economy and science and
technology. China began to decline and withdraw from Midddle Asia after encountering Abbsid Dynasty which occupied Bruza and Tochari , now in Arab where people believed in Sunni Muslim and defeated in Hen Rose battle. In the wake of this, An and Shi Rebellion and separate regime led to the economical recession and Huhua(non-Han tendency) .
The destruction of the Equal-Field system and Zuyongdiao system caused that the Fubing system(soldiers were peasants without wars)
was taken place by conscription system and mercenary system. During the An and Shi Rebellion, the interim system could not resist Jiedushi. After that , Tang Dynasty lost power and influence with separate regime at home and the invasion of Huihe,
Tubo, Nanzhao abroad.
Forexample, Tang Dynasty needed the help of Huihe to put down the
rebellion of An and Shi.
In 763 ,
the army of Tubo occupied Changan for 15 days.
And the Nanzhao army attacked Chendu(in Sichuang province)
and captured Annan which was regained by South Han until Five
Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
The Pangxun rebellion happened because the Tang guarded against the dissatisfaction of the soldiers of Nanzhao.
Later the mosstrooper insurgency staged by Huang Cao led to the fight between Zhu Quanzhong and Turk Li Keyong. It remained unsettled after the downfall of the Tang Dynasty.
Economy After the establishment,
Tang Dynasty carried out its mintage policy promptly,
which ensured the mintage as national currency.
At the same time,
it inherited the tradition in Wei,
Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties that used silken cloth as money,
putting the
monetary system---use mintage and silken cloth simultaneously,
into practice.
The mintage was coins.
Actually this kind of system was a
polybasic monetary system which used both material objects and coins.
Tang government constantly carried out strict laws to punish
personal-making and excessive-making coins,
and forbade using illegal money.
However,
as the critical shortage of coin supply,
currency value was on the increase.
There were great profits in personal-making and excessive-making coins,
so the effects of these laws were unsatisfying.
After the implementation of "Two-tax law",
one long-existing problem insocial development was the unceasing deterioration of the idea "money is more valuable than articles",
in another word,
the problem of money shortage.
There were new improvements on agricultural tools in Tang Dynasty,
for example,
the curved iron plough.
New irrigation tools waterwheel and cylinder wheel had been invented,
too.
In the earlier stage of Tang,
the significant water conservancy projects on record reached a number more than 160,
the famous of which were Yuliang Canal,
Jiangyan Lake,
Mirror Lake and so on.
In Tianbao Age,
the cultivated land of Tang Dynasty reached an area of 8500 thousand qing (=6. 6667 hectares) ,
leading to an increasing crop production.
In the 8th year of Tianbao Age,
crop reservation in officer bin reached 96 million shi ( a weight unit) .
At that time,
The lowest rice price in Changan and Luoyang was only 13 wen (a money unit)
each dou (a weight unit) ,
what was
more , it was 5 wen each dou in Qingzhou and Qizhou.
In the later stage of Tang Dynasty,
as the population went south,
the lands were cultivated and water
conservancy were built in an larger area,
the crop production in southern area increased sharply.
The handicraft industry in Tang Dynasty was managed by both
government and privates.
Gongbu (the ministry of works in feudal China)
was the most important apartment in government-managing handicraft,
which controlled the institutions Shaofu Jian,
Jiangzuo Jian and Arm Jiandirectly.
Shaofu Jian was chiefly in charge of delicate handicraft works;
Jiangzuo Jian was mainly in charge of the construction of civil
engineering;
Arm Jian was responsible for the production of weapon.
There was bureau under Jian and workshop under bureau.
Besides,
there were mintage Jian and managing Jian.
Generally,
the production of government-managing handicraft did not sell,
only used by royal households and government offices.
The workers in the handicraft workshop were leveled as craftsman,
criminal,
officer maid,
officer household,
mixed household and so on.
Compared with
government-managing handicraft,
the private-managing handicraft was less prosperous.
The main kinds of handicraft in the earlier stage of Tang were textile industry,
ceramic industry and smelting mining industry.
While in the later stage of Tang,
the handicraft industry in south stepped forward greatly,
especially in silk industry,
shipbuilding industry,
paper-making industry and tea-making industry.
Literature The tang dynasty literature the most remarkable literary achievements can calculate tang poetry.
Since ChenZiAng and "early four jie" on,
the tang dynasty famous poet emerge in endlessly,
in the period of the tang dynasty li bai,
du fu,
CenCan,
wang wei,
the tang dynasty period of LiHe,
hanyu,
bai juyi,
in late tang dynasty of li shangyin,
DuMu is one of the few representative.
Their poems different style,
both the myth world rich imagination,
and have to real life meticulous description,
bothinfuriation bold frontier fortress poem,
there is also depressed heavy "poetic history",
and pure and fresh and free from vulgarity of idyll.
These poems constitute the Chinese literary achievements of the outstanding representatives.
Later Ming and qing song,
although there are still outstanding poets appear,
but the status and the overall level of ancient Chinese poetry than the tang dynasty poet,
makes the tang poetry become the Chinese ancient poem insurmountable peak.
Artist Artistic ZhangXuan draw the GuoGuo lady YouChun diagram "in the western due to absorption characteristics and religious color,
the tang
dynasty art and before and after dynasty had very different.
The early YanLiBen,
YanLiDe brother was good at painting people.
WuDaoZi have "painting saint" of call,
he and good at figures,
landscape,
and absorbing the western painting techniques,
the picture abound stereo feeling,
have "wu zone when the wind" say.
ZhangXuan and ZhouFang to draw handmaiden diagram is given priority to,
their famous works include the dao practice map ",
"Mrs.
GuoGuo YouChun map" and "ZanHua beautiful young women" and so on.
The poet wang is good at ink landscape painting,
su shi said he "painting in poetry".
The tang dynasty murals career special developed.
The mogao grottoes murals and rooms are high-quality goods handed down from ancient
times.
The tang dynasty sculpture art also outstanding.
Dunhuang,
gantry,
MaiJiShan and knob spirit temple grottoes are in the tang dynasty periodinto the best.
Longmen grottoes of Lou bits of the Buddha and sichuan leshan giant Buddha are amazing.
6 horses of zhaoling mausoleum burial,
color glazed pottery figurine are very elegant.
The sculptor YangHuiZhi called plastic holy.
The tang dynasty period,
calligrapher" s coming forth in large Numbers.
OuYangXun,
YuShiNa are early famous calligrapher.
The regular script OuYangXun strokes in neat formation,
its masterpieces have the ninety percent palace feels ashamed spring inscription ".
YuShiNa regular script font soft round.
YanZhenQing and LiuGongQuan is the middle tang dynasty famous calligrapher.
The regular script YanZhenQing pen hypertrophy,
containing bones and muscles,
cheng du jin jian free and easy,
which is famous for the many pagoda tablet ";
LiuGongQuan font cheng du jin jian,
including the XuanBi tower tablet ",
the world YanLiu says two calligraphy as "facial muscle region bone".
Zhang,
xu and the huai su is cursive hand you.
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